Groundwater Control Methods

COURSE OVERVIEW

Iron and manganese are often present in groundwaters and surface waters. Excessive iron and manganese in drinking water can result in aesthetic and operational problems, and cause customers to seek out alternate supplies of drinking water that may not be safe. Consumers also complain about problems attributed to hard water. This course will also discuss the occurrence, chemistry and effects of hard water and describe the softening processes that remove the hardness-causing minerals.

COURSE OUTLINE

Iron and manganese control. Control processes and facilities. Process operations. Lime softening. Effects of hard and soft water. Softening processes and facilities. Operating problems and safety precautions. Appendices (tech briefs, test).

PREREQUISITE

Open.

TARGET AUDIENCE

Water utility field staff, water and wastewater operators.